Australia is at risk of experiencing megadroughts that could last over 20 years, according to new models from the Australian National University (ANU) and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes.
The researchers' grim findings come before considering human impact on the climate since the Industrial Revolution. The team led by ANU also found that, in comparison, 20th-century droughts in southwest and eastern Australia, including the Murray-Darling Basin, were on average longer than pre-industrial times.
According to scientists, the findings paint a concerning picture of future droughts in Australia that will be much worse than any recent experience.
Megadroughts are exceptionally severe, long-lasting, and widespread. They can last for several decades or even centuries. An example of this is the megadrought in the southwestern region of the United States that began in 2000 and has continued for over two decades.
The lead co-author, Dr. Georgy Falster, from the ANU Research School of Earth Sciences, said that if a megadrought were to occur in Australia today, the consequences would be even worse due to climate change, as any drought would occur in a warmer climate context.
"The combination of climate change with natural megadroughts that could last 20 years means that in the future, Australia could suffer droughts worse than any recent historical experience," Dr. Falster stated.
Sudden droughts, becoming more frequent and expected to accelerate
"We must consider and prepare for the possibility that one of these several-decade megadroughts may occur in the near future. One of the issues in understanding prolonged droughts in Australia is that our climate observations from the 20th century provide us with only a handful of examples to work with. This is not representative of the worst-case scenarios that are possible simply due to natural climate variations.
"If we think about when we might expect to see a 20-year drought in the Murray-Darling Basin in southeastern Australia, this varies greatly. We could witness a megadrought every 150 or 1,000 years. In this study, we paid special attention to the Murray-Darling Basin. As the largest agricultural region in Australia, it is important to know how severe droughts could be in this region."
The team led by ANU analyzed the full spectrum of droughts that Australia could experience, including their duration and intensity, even without the effects of climate change. They also wanted to uncover how human-induced climate change is now altering the characteristics of Australian droughts.
Researchers used multiple climate models to simulate droughts that occurred during the last millennium (from 850 to 2000) to determine how they could change in the future. This includes predicting how long Australian droughts could last and how dry they could be.